The EDE is widely regarded as the instrument of choice for the assessment and diagnosis of eating disorders according to the fourthedition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Garner, 2002). Studies of the validity of the EDE‐Q have demonstrated a significant correlation between the EDE‐Q and EDE in assessing the major characteristics of eating disorder psychopathology in nonclinical populations (Fairburn & Beglin, 1994; Mond, Hay, Rodgers, Owen & Beumont, 2004). Acceptable internal consistency, test–retest reliability and temporal stability have also been demonstrated (Luce & Crowther, 1999; Mond et al., 2004).
Dear Readers,
Please find below a study ‘The Turkish Version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity in Adolescents’. We share this study for information an research purpose only. Our aim is to collect and keep all the articles and studies on Eating Disorders in Muslims wold in one place. the study below is important in establishing the foundation of detecting eating disorders in Turkey. So far we’ve very limited English literature on eating disorders in Turkey,we are hoping to bridge that gap soon. if you come across any studies or articles,please share them with us.
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Basak Yucel1*, Aslihan Polat2 , Tevfika Ikiz3, Bengi Pirim Dusgor3, Ayse Elif Yavuz3 & Ozlem Sertel Berk3
1 Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
2 Department of Psychiatry, Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
3 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, Turkey
Abstract
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) is the self‐report questionnaire version of the Eating Disorder Examination Interview. The aim of the current study was to validate a Turkish version of the EDE‐Q in a sample of Turkish primary and high school students (626 girls and 299 boys) in Istanbul. Subjects also completed the Eating Attitudes Test, the General Health Questionnaire and the Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire, and they were weighed. Girls had higher scores on all EDE‐Q subtests. EDE‐Q scores increased as body mass ındex increased. EDE‐Q total score and subscales were highly correlated with the Eating Attitudes Test and the Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire, supporting its validity. A small test–retest reliability study provided satisfactory results.
The present study suggests that the Turkish version of EDE‐Q is an acceptable, reliable and valid measure in
nonclinical adolescent samples. More psychometric studies are needed concerning wider age ranges and various clinical samples.
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Keywords
eating disorders; Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; validity; reliability
*Correspondence Prof. Basak Yucel, MD, Istanbul University, Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Psikiyatri AD, Capa 34390, Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: +90‐532‐656 0762; Fax: +90‐212‐635 1204. Email: basakyucel@gmail.comPublished online 13 March 2011 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/erv.1104
Introduction and aims
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) (Fairburn& Beglin, 1994) is the self‐report questionnaire version of the Eating Disorder Examination Interview (EDE) (Fairburn & Cooper, 1993).
The EDE is widely regarded as the instrument of choice for the assessment and diagnosis of eating disorders according to the fourthedition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Garner, 2002). Studies of the validity of the EDE‐Q have demonstrated a significant correlation between the EDE‐Q and EDE in assessing the major characteristics of eating disorder psychopathology in nonclinical
populations (Fairburn & Beglin, 1994; Mond, Hay, Rodgers, Owen & Beumont, 2004). Acceptable internal consistency, test–retest reliability and temporal stability have also been demonstrated (Luce & Crowther, 1999; Mond et al., 2004).
For this reason, the EDE‐Q has been increasingly used as a self‐report measure in many epidemiologic and clinical studies of eating disorders (Pike, Dohm, Striegel‐Moore, Wilfley, & Fairburn, 2001; Wilfley, Schwartz, Spurrell, & Fairburn, 1997).
Eating disorders have been described in both typical and atypical forms in non‐Western, developing countries (Anthony & Yager, 2007). Turkey is a rapidly developing country, and its people are influenced by both European and Asian values. The aim of the current study was to validate a Turkish version of the EDE‐Q in a young Turkish population to obtain a reliable and cost‐effective assessment instrument that can be used in large population studies.
Method
Participants and procedure In 2005 and 2006, a set of questionnaires, including the EDE‐Q, was administered to groups of students in 24 primary and high schools representing low, middle and high socio‐economicstatus in Istanbul. Both girls (N = 626) and boys (N = 299) took part; mean age was 15.52 years (SD = 1.88, range 12–18 years). Third‐year and senior students from Istanbul University, Department of Psychology, were involved in the administration process, and questionnaires were presented in random order. A retest study was carried out within a 15‐day interval on a subset of subjects.
Measures
Turkish version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire
The EDE‐Q was translated into Turkish by two psychologists, and blind back translations were carried out by three other psychologists, all of whom were advanced in English. According to the translations and back translations, the items were chosen by the researchers for the scale on the basis of face validity.
Eur. Eat. Disorders Rev. 19 (2011) 509–511 © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. 509
Eating attitudes test The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT‐40) is a 40‐item self‐report measure widely used for screening anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (Garner & Garfinkel, 1979). Participants rate each item on a six‐point scale ranging from ‘never’ to ‘always’. The Turkish version of the EAT was developed by Savaşır and Erol (1989).
Turkish version of the general health questionnaire
The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is a commonly used measure for assessing general psychological health. It was originally developed by Goldberg et al. (1997). It uses a four‐ point Likert scale and has 12‐item or 28‐item versions. In the Turkish validation study of the GHQ (Kılıç, 1996), the psychometric properties of the 12‐item and 28‐item versions of the GHQ were investigated. The present study utilised the 28‐item version.
Body image satisfaction questionnaire
The Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire (BISQ) is a questionnaire designed to measure perceived satisfaction with
body image. The Turkish version was developed by Gökdogan (1988) based on the ‘Body Image Questionnaire’ by Berscheid, Walster, and Bohrnstedt (1973). Modifications were made to some items to improve cultural appropriateness. Items in the Turkish version are rated on a five‐point Likert scale. The measure consists of 25 statements for girls and 26 statements for boys. Test–retest reliability of the Turkish version is reported to
be r = .88. Sociodemographic information form A structured self‐report form, including questions on weight,
height and demographic variables concerning the participant andhis/her parents, was developed by the researchers. The weights and heights of the students were measured via weight and height scales at their schools.
Results and discussion
No significant gender differences were found on frequency distributions of sociodemographic variables and body mass index (BMI) using Chi‐squared tests, whereas significant gender differences were found by using the Mann–Whitney U test on the EDE‐Q total score and all subscales (p < .001), EAT‐40 (p < .001), GHQ (p < .001), BISQ (p < .001) and BMI (p < .01).
To test whether EDE‐Q scores changed as a function of the BMI, the participants were first grouped in terms of BMI categories based on the World Health Organization classification and International Classification of Diseases (10th revision) criteriafor anorexia nervosa (World Health Organization, 1992): anorexic (BMI < 17.50), underweight (BMI = 17.51‐18,50), subnormal (BMI = 18.51‐20.00), normal (BMI = 20.01‐25.00), overweight (BMI = 25.01‐30.00) and obese (BMI > 30.01). Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance was then conducted for each EDE‐Q score set and significant differences were observed between BMI categoriesand mean scores of the total EDE‐Q and on each of the subscales.
Test–retest reliabilities were examined on a subset of subjects: 52 girls and 26 boys. Results are presented in Table 1 and were satisfactory for the EDE‐Q total score (r = .91), while rangingfrom r = .43 (binge eating) to r = .89 (weight concern) for subscales. For the purpose of testing the criterion‐related validity of EDE‐Q, the correlations were also computed for the EDE‐Q in relation to BMI, EAT‐40, GHQ and BISQ, and are also presented in Table 1. All the correlations were significant except for those obtained from the group of boys, where no significant relationship was observed between the binge eating subscale of the EDE‐Q and the GHQ. Internal consistency of the EDE‐Q
was examined using Cronbach’s alpha and was found to be Table 1 Test–retest reliability and criteria‐related validity results on Turkish Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Gender EDE‐Q EDE‐Q‐BE EDE‐Q‐R EDE‐Q‐EC EDE‐Q SC EDE‐Q‐WC Retest Whole .911*** .430*** .786*** .827*** .887*** .888*** (N = 26) Boys .910*** .608** .741*** .754*** .929*** .874*** (N = 52) Girls .912*** .400** .812*** .856*** .871*** .892*** BMI Whole .358*** .096*** .299*** .247*** .336*** .361*** Boys .263*** .211*** .165** .268*** .200*** .255*** Girls .455*** .113** .366*** .317*** .427*** .466***
EAT‐40 Whole .497*** .248*** .418*** .473*** .447*** .467*** Boys .264** .278*** .287*** .183** .238*** .270***
Girls .534*** .247*** .436*** .500*** .487*** .501*** GHQ Whole .418*** .244*** .246*** .413*** .423*** .396***
Boys .183** .089 .144* .221*** .138* .182** Girls .419*** .242*** .243*** .430*** .415*** .402*** BISQ Whole −.258*** −.093* −.170*** −.200*** −.272*** −.236*** Boys −.254*** −.166** −.136* −.290*** −.214*** −.249*** Girls −.239*** −.085* −.153*** −.190*** −.249*** −.219*** *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001.
EDE‐Q, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; BISQ, Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire; EAT‐40, Eating Attitudes Test; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; BE, binge eating; R, restraint; EC, eating concern; SC, shape concern; WC, weight concern.
The Turkish Version of the EDE‐Q B. Yucel et al. 510 Eur. Eat. Disorders Rev. 19 (2011) 509–511 © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. high (0.93) for the scale as a whole, and 0.70 or above for all subscales except binge eating, which was 0.63. Alpha values for each subscale and item–total correlations are summarised in
Table 2.
Taken as a whole, the findings of the present study suggested that the Turkish version of EDE‐Q was both reliable and valid. It can be used in nonclinical populations of adolescents. However, caution should be paid when using the questionnaire for diagnostic purposes because of the weak psychometric properties of the binge eating subscale and relatively low correlations with some of the scales. Further psychometric studies concerning wider age ranges and various clinical samples are needed.
REFERENCES
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American Psychiatric Association. Anthony, T. M. & Yager, J. (2007). Cultural considerations in eating disorders. In J. Yager, & P.S. Powers (Eds.), Clinical manual ofeating disorders (pp. 387–405). Washington, DC: American
Psychiatric Publishing.
Berscheid, E., Walster, E., & Bohrnstedt, G. (1973). The happy American body: A survey report. Psychology Today, 7,
119–131.
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self‐report questionnaire? The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16, 363–70.
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Garner, D. (2002). Measurement of eating disorder psychopathology. In C. G. Fairburn, & K. D. Brownell (Eds.), Eating
disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook (2nd ed). (pp. 141–146). New York: Guilford Press.
Garner, D. M. & Garfinkel, P. E. (1979) Eating attitudes test: an index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 9, 273–279.
Goldberg, D. P., Gater, R., Sartorius, N., Ustun, T. B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., & Rutter, C. (1997). The validity of two
versions of the GHQ in theWHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine, 27, 191–197.
Gökdogan, F. (1988). Orta ogretime devam eden ergenlerde bedenimajindan hosnut olma duzeyi [The level of body image satisfaction of secondary school students]. Master’s thesis, Ankara Univ.
Kılıç, C. (1996). Genel sağlık anketi: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. [General health questionnaire: A validity and reliability study]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7, 3–9.
Luce, K. H., & Crowther, J. H. (1999). The reliability of the Eating Disorder Examination‐Self‐Report Questionnaire version (EDE‐Q). The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25, 349–351.
Mond, J. M., Hay, P. J., Rodgers, B., Owen, C., & Beumont, P. J. V. (2004). Validity of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) in screening for eating disorders in community in screening for eating disorders in community samples. BehaviourResearch and Therapy, 42, 551–567.
Pike, K. M., Dohm, F. A., Striegel‐Moore, R. H., Wilfley, D. E., & Fairburn, C. G. (2001). A comparison of black and white womenwith binge eating disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1455–1460.
Savaşir, I., & Erol, N. (1989). Eating Attitude Test: anorexia nervosa symptom index. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7, 19–25.
Wilfley, D. E., Schwartz, M. B., Spurrell, E. B., & Fairburn, C. G. (1997). Assessing the specific psychopathology of binge eating disorder patients: Interview or self‐report?. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 1151–1159.
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Related
FAQs
What do Ede Q scores mean? ›
The EDE-Q is scored using a 7-point, forced-choice rating scale (0–6) with scores of 4 or higher indicative of clinical range. The subscale and global scores reflect the severity of eating disorder psychopathology.
How is Ede Q score calculated? ›Global Score = (Restraint + Eating Concern + Weight Concern + Shape Concern) / 4.
Who can administer the Ede Q? ›As an interview, the EDE is designed to be administered by a clinician, and the developers recommend clinician training to ensure all concepts being assessed are well-understood [331].
How do you assess for anorexia? ›- Physical exam. This may include measuring your height and weight; checking your vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure and temperature; checking your skin and nails for problems; listening to your heart and lungs; and examining your abdomen.
- Lab tests. ...
- Psychological evaluation. ...
- Other studies.
[14] eight-item versions were adequate, only the Grilo et al. [8] seven-item version retained the three-factor structure found in the original 28-item EDE-Q.
How do you cite Ede? ›Citation. Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) [Database record]. PsycTESTS.
What does the Eating Disorder Examination measure? ›The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) is widely viewed as the “gold standard” measure of eating disorder psychopathology. It provides a measure of the range and severity of eating disorder features. It can also generate operational eating disorder diagnoses.
Who wrote the Ede Q? ›The Eating Disorder Examination– Questionnaire (EDE-Q; Fairburn, 2008b; Fairburn & Beglin, 1994) is a self-report version of the EDE commonly used for research and clinical purposes (Berg, Peterson, Frazier, & Crow, 2012; Mond, Hay, Rodgers, Owen, & Beumont, 2004a).
Is the EDE Q free? ›The EDE-Q is very widely used and is also available in many languages. The current version is EDE-Q 6.0. The EDE-Q (and its items) is under copyright. It is freely available for non-commercial research use only and no permission need to be sought.
Who created the Eating Attitudes Test? ›Developed by Garner, Olmstedt, Bohr and Garfinkel (1982), The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) is a widely used standardised self-report measure of disordered eating behaviours and attitudes toward food.
What is enhanced CBT? ›
Enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-E) is a type of talk therapy that helps with a variety of mental health conditions. It is an individualized treatment based on your personal situation and preferences. CBT addresses how the combination of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors contribute to your eating disorders.
What is the clinical impairment assessment? ›The Clinical Impairment Assessment questionnaire (CIA) is a 16-item self-report measure of the severity of psychosocial impairment due to eating disorder features (Bohn and Fairburn, 2008). It focuses on the past 28 days.
What is the most serious complication of anorexia nervosa? ›...
Table 1.
| Cardiovascular | Endocrine and Metabolic |
|---|---|
| Mitral valve prolapse | Infertility |
| Sudden death - arrhythmia | Osteoporosis |
| Refeeding syndrome | Thyroid Abnormalities |
Experts don't know how to prevent anorexia nervosa. It may help if family members have healthy attitudes and actions around weight, food, exercise, and appearance. Adults can help children and teens build self-esteem in various ways. This includes academics, hobbies, and volunteer work.
What class of medication is best for anorexia nervosa? ›ANOREXIA: Fluoxetine (Prozac) may help people with anorexia nervosa overcome their depression and maintain a healthy weight once they have gotten their weight and eating under control. Fluoxetine is in a class of drugs called selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Is the EAT-26 valid? ›Despite the inability to replicate the factor structure of the EAT-26 across different studies, some findings indicate that scores on the EAT-26 in general populations and patient samples have been shown to be highly reliable (e.g., Cronbach's alpha = 0.91 and Pearson r = 0.98) and valid (e.g., criterion validity = ...
Is the EAT-26 free? ›You can take the test today and download a copy for free on this website. The EAT-26 can be used in a non-clinical as well as a clinical setting not specifically focused on eating disorders.
What does the EDI 3 measure? ›The EDI-3 consists of 91 items organized into 12 primary scales: Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, Body Dissatisfaction, Low Self-Esteem, Personal Alienation, Interpersonal Insecurity, Interpersonal Alienation, Interoceptive Deficits, Emotional Dysregulation, Perfectionism, Asceticism, and Maturity Fears.
Who needs cognitive behavioral therapy? ›- Depression.
- Anxiety disorders.
- Phobias.
- PTSD.
- Sleep disorders.
- Eating disorders.
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- Substance use disorders.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave. It's most commonly used to treat anxiety and depression, but can be useful for other mental and physical health problems.
How effective is CBT-E? ›
At 80 weeks, this difference was no longer significant (CBT-E 60.9%; TAU 43.6%). Furthermore, CBT-E was more effective in improving self-esteem and was also the less intensive and shorter treatment.
What does clinical impairment mean? ›Impairment is an absence of or significant difference in a person's body structure or function or mental functioning.
What is the clinical impairment assessment? ›The Clinical Impairment Assessment questionnaire (CIA) is a 16-item self-report measure of the severity of psychosocial impairment due to eating disorder features (Bohn and Fairburn, 2008). It focuses on the past 28 days.
What is enhanced CBT? ›Enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-E) is a type of talk therapy that helps with a variety of mental health conditions. It is an individualized treatment based on your personal situation and preferences. CBT addresses how the combination of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors contribute to your eating disorders.
Who wrote the Ede Q? ›The Eating Disorder Examination– Questionnaire (EDE-Q; Fairburn, 2008b; Fairburn & Beglin, 1994) is a self-report version of the EDE commonly used for research and clinical purposes (Berg, Peterson, Frazier, & Crow, 2012; Mond, Hay, Rodgers, Owen, & Beumont, 2004a).
When was the Ede Q created? ›The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q; Fairburn & Cooper, 1993; Fairburn, Cooper, & O'Connor, 2008) is a well-established self-report instrument that measures eating disorder behaviors and attitudes, and is derived from the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) interview (Fairburn & Cooper, 1993; Fairburn et ...
What does clinical impairment mean? ›Impairment is an absence of or significant difference in a person's body structure or function or mental functioning.
Who needs cognitive behavioral therapy? ›- Depression.
- Anxiety disorders.
- Phobias.
- PTSD.
- Sleep disorders.
- Eating disorders.
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- Substance use disorders.
Cognitive behavioral therapy.
This type of psychotherapy focuses on behaviors, thoughts and feelings related to your eating disorder. After helping you gain healthy eating behaviors, it helps you learn to recognize and change distorted thoughts that lead to eating disorder behaviors.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave. It's most commonly used to treat anxiety and depression, but can be useful for other mental and physical health problems.
Who developed the eating disorder examination? ›
Cooper Z & Fairburn CG. (1987). The Eating Disorder Examination: a semi-structured interview for the assessment of the specific psychopathology of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 1-8.
Is the EDE Q free? ›The EDE-Q is very widely used and is also available in many languages. The current version is EDE-Q 6.0. The EDE-Q (and its items) is under copyright. It is freely available for non-commercial research use only and no permission need to be sought.